Clay County, SD
Migration of people and income, 2022–2023 filing years
At a glance (2023)
Cost of living is the statewide price level for South Dakota (state avg).
The cost of living runs about 12% below the national average. The median home is valued at $221,800 (nominal). Home prices have risen about 42% over the five years to 2023. Median rent is about $736 a month. Unemployment averaged 1.8% in 2023 (national 3.6%). Median household income is $58,794. These figures describe all residents, not just tax filers, come from separate sources than the migration data on this page, and do not indicate why anyone moved.
Between the 2022 and 2023 filing years, Clay County, SD saw a net loss of 49 tax-filing households and a net loss of 55 individuals. Against a population of about 15,431, that is a net outflow of about 3.6 per 1,000 residents. On net, the area lost $4.2M in associated adjusted gross income (AGI, nominal dollars). The largest inflow, about 50 households, came from Minnehaha County; the largest outflow, about 84 households, went to Minnehaha County. In the prior (2022) filing year, the area saw a net loss of 72 individuals. These figures cover federal income tax filers only and do not indicate why people moved.
-3.6 net people per 1,000 residents (population 15,431)
Income (AGI) in and out
Clay County within South Dakota
Clay County is outlined, with arrows tracing its largest moves to and from other South Dakota counties. Hover any county for its figures; click to open it.
Where movers came from
- 1Minnehaha County, SD50$2M
- 2Yankton County, SD34$1.5M
- 3Union County, SD31$2.5M
- 4Lincoln County, SD20$1.7M
Where movers went
- 1Minnehaha County, SD84$4.7M
- 2Yankton County, SD53$2.4M
- 3Lincoln County, SD39$1.8M
- 4Woodbury County, IA30$1.2M
- 5Union County, SD27$1.5M
Churn by county · both directions at once
The biggest two-way exchanges of filing households, 2022–2023. Moved in and moved out are gross one-way counts; net is the difference. Click a column to sort.
| Minnehaha County, SD | 50 | 84 | -34 | -$2.7M |
| Yankton County, SD | 34 | 53 | -19 | -$852K |
| Lincoln County, SD | 20 | 39 | -19 | -$63K |
| Union County, SD | 31 | 27 | +4 | +$998K |
| Woodbury County, IA | — | 30 | — | — |
Counts are filing households (IRS returns), matching the lists above; income is nominal AGI. A dash means the IRS published only one direction of that exchange (small flows are suppressed), so no net is computed.
Net migration by year
| Year | Net AGI | Net people |
|---|---|---|
| 2012 | +$607K | -179 |
| 2013 | -$3M | -154 |
| 2014 | -$1.1M | -216 |
| 2015 | -$3M | -82 |
| 2016 | -$4.6M | -108 |
| 2017 | -$6.6M | -245 |
| 2018 | -$4.5M | -135 |
| 2019 | -$1.9M | -70 |
| 2020 | -$1.3M | -58 |
| 2021 | -$1.4M | -17 |
| 2022 | -$1.1M | -72 |
| 2023 | -$4.2M | -55 |
How big is this move, relative to the county?
In the 2022–2023 filing year, about 55 more people left Clay County, SD than moved in (counting tax filers and their dependents) — a net loss of about $4.2M in income (nominal) — in a county of 15,342 people.
The rate lets you compare Clay County, SD with a countyof any size: it’s the net flow divided by population. The IRS counts tax filers; population counts all residents, so read the rate as a scale indicator, not a literal share of people.
Components of population change · 2023 (Census)
Where the county’s overall change came from. Census counts all residents; the IRS migration above is one slice of the domestic-migration component.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Population Estimates Program. Figures are people, not tax filers.
What a dollar is worth here
Prices around Clay County, SD run about 12% below the national average. In plain terms: $100 spent here buys about what $113 buys in the average American community. The figures below apply that to income, each compared to the U.S. average of $70,002 per person.
This county isn't in a metro area that BEA prices separately, so cost of living shows the South Dakota (state avg) figure.
Where the cost comes from · price parity by category
Index where 100 = U.S. average for that category. Housing is usually what separates one place from another.
Housing is measured from rents (including an estimated rental value for owner-occupied homes), so a run-up in purchase prices shows here only as it reaches rents. Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. Covers all residents, a separate universe from the IRS filer income above. How the data works.
The people of Clay County, SD
American Community Survey, 2019–2023 (a 5-year average of all residents, not just tax filers).
White, Black, and Asian counts are people who are not Hispanic or Latino; Hispanic or Latino can be of any race. Shares are rounded and may not total 100.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 5-year estimates. Covers all residents, a separate universe from the IRS filer data. A 5-year estimate is an average over 2019–2023; compare years at least five apart, since consecutive windows overlap. How the data works.
Housing · what it costs to live here (ACS 2019–2023)
A repeat-sales index (how much the same homes changed in price), so it tracks the market over time rather than the current level. Source: Federal Housing Finance Agency, annual all-transactions HPI; the county series is FHFA’s developmental index.
Units authorized by residential building permits (new supply), summed from counties for the state and U.S. Permits are authorizations, not completions. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permits Survey.
Home value is what owners estimate their homes are worth, not recent sale prices. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 5-year estimates (2019–2023), nominal dollars. How the data works.
Jobs and natural hazards
Sources: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (LAUS) and FEMA. A disaster declaration marks federal assistance eligibility, not damage severity, and says nothing about why anyone moved. How the data works.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (LAUS). Monthly unemployment for this county, not seasonally adjusted. Updated every month, so it moves faster than the annual average above. How the data works.
Elections
National maps →How Clay County, SD has voted. Certified returns, popular vote only. This is a separate dataset from the migration figures on this page.
| Year | Democratic | Republican | Other | Margin | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 | 2,944 | 2,574 | 139 | D +6.5 | 5,657 |
| 2020 | 3,083 | 2,456 | 159 | D +11.0 | 5,698 |
| 2016 | 2,608 | 2,109 | 352 | D +9.8 | 5,069 |
| 2012 | 2,955 | 2,147 | 132 | D +15.4 | 5,234 |
| 2008 | 3,808 | 2,296 | 55 | D +24.5 | 6,159 |
| 2004 | 3,315 | 2,692 | 129 | D +10.2 | 6,136 |
| 2000 | 2,638 | 2,363 | 104 | D +5.4 | 5,105 |
Source: MIT Election Data and Science Lab county returns (CC0). Margins are the popular-vote gap as a share of all votes cast.
Get the next update for Clay County, SD
The IRS releases new migration data once a year. Drop your email and we will send the refreshed numbers when they land. No spam, unsubscribe anytime.