Pennsylvania
State-to-state migration of people and income, 2022–2023 filing years
At a glance (2023)
The cost of living runs about 3% below the national average. The median home is valued at $240,500 (nominal). Home prices have risen about 44% over the five years to 2023. Median rent is about $1,162 a month. Unemployment averaged 3.7% in 2023 (national 3.6%). Median household income is $76,081. These figures describe all residents, not just tax filers, come from separate sources than the migration data on this page, and do not indicate why anyone moved.
Between the 2022 and 2023 filing years, Pennsylvania saw a net loss of 13,126 tax-filing households and a net loss of 15,939 individuals. Against a population of about 12,961,683, that is a net outflow of about 1.2 per 1,000 residents. On net, the area lost $2.3B in associated adjusted gross income (AGI, nominal dollars). The largest inflow, about 20,643 households, came from New York; the largest outflow, about 16,395 households, went to Florida. In the prior (2022) filing year, the area saw a net loss of 22,427 individuals. These figures cover federal income tax filers only and do not indicate why people moved.
-1.2 net people per 1,000 residents (population 12,961,683)
Income (AGI) in and out
Pennsylvania counties
Net migration by county. Hover for figures; click a county to open it.
Top origin states
- 1New York20,643$1.5B
- 2New Jersey18,767$1.6B
- 3Florida11,056$801.7M
- 4Maryland8,992$664.1M
- 5Virginia5,558$458M
- 6California5,547$564M
- 7Ohio5,284$320.4M
- 8Texas4,630$403.1M
- 9North Carolina4,327$282.6M
- 10Delaware3,885$294.8M
Top destination states
- 1Florida16,395$2B
- 2New Jersey16,075$1.4B
- 3New York14,412$1.1B
- 4Maryland7,619$553.3M
- 5North Carolina7,061$566.8M
- 6California6,617$705.7M
- 7Virginia6,486$493.8M
- 8Texas6,349$595.6M
- 9Ohio6,060$375.1M
- 10Delaware5,744$496.9M
Churn by state · both directions at once
The biggest two-way exchanges of filing households, 2022–2023. Moved in and moved out are gross one-way counts; net is the difference. Click a column to sort.
| New York | 20,643 | 14,412 | +6,231 | +$379.8M |
| New Jersey | 18,767 | 16,075 | +2,692 | +$168.5M |
| Florida | 11,056 | 16,395 | -5,339 | -$1.2B |
| Maryland | 8,992 | 7,619 | +1,373 | +$110.9M |
| California | 5,547 | 6,617 | -1,070 | -$141.8M |
| Virginia | 5,558 | 6,486 | -928 | -$35.8M |
| North Carolina | 4,327 | 7,061 | -2,734 | -$284.2M |
| Ohio | 5,284 | 6,060 | -776 | -$54.8M |
| Texas | 4,630 | 6,349 | -1,719 | -$192.6M |
| Delaware | 3,885 | 5,744 | -1,859 | -$202.1M |
| Georgia | 2,668 | 3,853 | -1,185 | -$91.6M |
| Massachusetts | 2,973 | 3,335 | -362 | -$17.5M |
Counts are filing households (IRS returns), matching the lists above; income is nominal AGI. A dash means the IRS published only one direction of that exchange (small flows are suppressed), so no net is computed.
Net migration by year
| Year | Net AGI | Net people |
|---|---|---|
| 2012 | -$803.2M | -14,953 |
| 2013 | -$964.2M | -22,527 |
| 2014 | -$1.5B | -28,081 |
| 2015 | -$1B | -17,609 |
| 2016 | -$2.7B | -33,260 |
| 2017 | -$1.6B | -19,979 |
| 2018 | -$1.4B | -10,097 |
| 2019 | -$1.7B | -12,970 |
| 2020 | -$1.2B | -5,020 |
| 2021 | -$1.9B | -14,428 |
| 2022 | -$2.8B | -22,427 |
| 2023 | -$2.3B | -15,939 |
How big is this move, relative to the state?
In the 2022–2023 filing year, about 15,939 more people left Pennsylvania than moved in (counting tax filers and their dependents) — a net loss of about $2.3B in income (nominal) — in a state of 13,009,406 people.
The rate lets you compare Pennsylvania with a stateof any size: it’s the net flow divided by population. The IRS counts tax filers; population counts all residents, so read the rate as a scale indicator, not a literal share of people.
Components of population change · 2023 (Census)
Where the state’s overall change came from. Census counts all residents; the IRS migration above is one slice of the domestic-migration component.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Population Estimates Program. Figures are people, not tax filers.
What a dollar is worth here
Prices around Pennsylvania run about 3% below the national average. In plain terms: $100 spent here buys about what $103 buys in the average American community. The figures below apply that to income, each compared to the U.S. average of $70,002 per person.
Price parity shown at the state level (BEA does not publish a single figure below the metro level).
Where the cost comes from · price parity by category
Index where 100 = U.S. average for that category. Housing is usually what separates one place from another.
Housing is measured from rents (including an estimated rental value for owner-occupied homes), so a run-up in purchase prices shows here only as it reaches rents. Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. Covers all residents, a separate universe from the IRS filer income above. How the data works.
The people of Pennsylvania
American Community Survey, 2019–2023 (a 5-year average of all residents, not just tax filers).
White, Black, and Asian counts are people who are not Hispanic or Latino; Hispanic or Latino can be of any race. Shares are rounded and may not total 100.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 5-year estimates. Covers all residents, a separate universe from the IRS filer data. A 5-year estimate is an average over 2019–2023; compare years at least five apart, since consecutive windows overlap. How the data works.
Housing · what it costs to live here (ACS 2019–2023)
A repeat-sales index (how much the same homes changed in price), so it tracks the market over time rather than the current level. Source: Federal Housing Finance Agency, annual all-transactions HPI; the county series is FHFA’s developmental index.
Units authorized by residential building permits (new supply), summed from counties for the state and U.S. Permits are authorizations, not completions. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permits Survey.
Home value is what owners estimate their homes are worth, not recent sale prices. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 5-year estimates (2019–2023), nominal dollars. How the data works.
Jobs and natural hazards
Sources: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (LAUS) and FEMA. A disaster declaration marks federal assistance eligibility, not damage severity, and says nothing about why anyone moved. How the data works.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (LAUS). Monthly unemployment for this state, not seasonally adjusted. Updated every month, so it moves faster than the annual average above. How the data works.
Net migration by income bracket
Tax-filing households that moved into Pennsylvania minus those that left, by the adjusted gross income they reported, 2022–2023. Positive means more arrived than left at that income level.
Among the highest earners ($200k+), Pennsylvania ranks #46 of 51 states for net household migration (-2,445).
Source: IRS Statistics of Income, state-level gross migration file (returns with negative AGI are excluded, so this won’t exactly match the totals above). Income is what filers reported, not a reason anyone moved. Compare all states by income bracket. How the data works.
What Pennsylvania ships and receives
Physical goods shipped between Pennsylvania and other states, 2022. This is freight, not the migration of people or income shown above.
Top goods shipped out
Top goods received
Biggest trading partners (both ways)
Goods trade runs in both directions: states swap different goods, so a partner is often near the top of both columns. Net is ships minus receives (positive means Pennsylvania ships more to that partner than it gets back).
| Partner | Ships to | Receives | Net | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| New Jersey | $47.9B | $57.8B | -$9.9B | $105.7B |
| Ohio | $51.8B | $43.3B | +$8.5B | $95.1B |
| New York | $55.9B | $34.7B | +$21.2B | $90.7B |
| California | $18.0B | $30.5B | -$12.6B | $48.5B |
| Maryland | $25.4B | $18.8B | +$6.6B | $44.2B |
| Texas | $23.2B | $18.9B | +$4.3B | $42.2B |
| Virginia | $18.8B | $13.0B | +$5.8B | $31.8B |
| Illinois | $13.1B | $16.8B | -$3.7B | $29.9B |
Goods shipped every five years by the Census Commodity Flow Survey (a sample, so figures are estimates and the smallest flows are withheld). Value is nominal. The totals and partner table above count trade between Pennsylvania and other states; the goods lists count everything the state ships or receives, including within-state shipments. Compare all states. How the data works.
What Pennsylvania collects in taxes
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Annual Survey of State Government Tax Collections. This is what the state government collected (not local taxes), not a measure of any individual’s tax burden. How the data works.
Elections
National maps →How Pennsylvania has voted. Certified returns, popular vote only. This is a separate dataset from the migration figures on this page.
President, 1976–2024
| Year | Democratic | Republican | Other | Margin | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 | 3,423,042 | 3,543,308 | 67,856 | R +1.7 | 7,034,206 |
| 2020 | 3,458,229 | 3,377,674 | 79,380 | D +1.2 | 6,915,283 |
| 2016 | 2,926,441 | 2,970,733 | 218,228 | R +0.7 | 6,115,402 |
| 2012 | 2,990,274 | 2,680,434 | 71,332 | D +5.4 | 5,742,040 |
| 2008 | 3,266,523 | 2,649,934 | 61,524 | D +10.3 | 5,977,981 |
| 2004 | 2,938,095 | 2,793,847 | 33,822 | D +2.5 | 5,765,764 |
| 2000 | 2,485,967 | 2,281,127 | 145,091 | D +4.2 | 4,912,185 |
| 1996 | 2,215,819 | 1,801,169 | 484,319 | D +9.2 | 4,501,307 |
| 1992 | 2,239,164 | 1,791,841 | 928,805 | D +9.0 | 4,959,810 |
| 1988 | 2,194,944 | 2,300,087 | 41,220 | R +2.3 | 4,536,251 |
| 1984 | 2,228,131 | 2,584,323 | 32,449 | R +7.4 | 4,844,903 |
| 1980 | 1,937,540 | 2,261,872 | 362,089 | R +7.1 | 4,561,501 |
| 1976 | 2,328,677 | 2,205,604 | 86,506 | D +2.7 | 4,620,787 |
U.S. Senate races · all states →
| Year | Winner | Democratic | Republican | Other | Margin |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 | Dave McCormick | 3,384,180 | 3,399,295 | 179,662 | R +0.2 |
| 2022 | John K. Fetterman | 2,751,012 | 2,487,260 | 129,749 | D +4.9 |
| 2018 | Robert P. Casey Jr | 2,777,680 | 2,134,848 | 82,115 | D +12.9 |
| 2016 | Patrick J. Toomey | 2,865,012 | 2,951,702 | 235,142 | R +1.4 |
| 2012 | Robert P. Casey, Jr. | 3,021,364 | 2,509,132 | 96,926 | D +9.1 |
| 2010 | Pat Toomey | 1,948,716 | 2,028,945 | — | R +2.0 |
| 2006 | Bob Casey, Jr. | 2,392,984 | 1,684,778 | — | D +17.4 |
| 2004 | Arlen Specter | 2,334,126 | 2,925,080 | 299,899 | R +10.6 |
| 2000 | Rick Santorum | 2,154,908 | 2,481,962 | 98,246 | R +6.9 |
U.S. House seats won · district maps →
2024 results by county
Source: MIT Election Data and Science Lab county returns (CC0). Margins are the popular-vote gap as a share of all votes cast.
Counties in Pennsylvania (67)
- Adams County
- Allegheny County
- Armstrong County
- Beaver County
- Bedford County
- Berks County
- Blair County
- Bradford County
- Bucks County
- Butler County
- Cambria County
- Cameron County
- Carbon County
- Centre County
- Chester County
- Clarion County
- Clearfield County
- Clinton County
- Columbia County
- Crawford County
- Cumberland County
- Dauphin County
- Delaware County
- Elk County
- Erie County
- Fayette County
- Forest County
- Franklin County
- Fulton County
- Greene County
- Huntingdon County
- Indiana County
- Jefferson County
- Juniata County
- Lackawanna County
- Lancaster County
- Lawrence County
- Lebanon County
- Lehigh County
- Luzerne County
- Lycoming County
- McKean County
- Mercer County
- Mifflin County
- Monroe County
- Montgomery County
- Montour County
- Northampton County
- Northumberland County
- Perry County
- Philadelphia County
- Pike County
- Potter County
- Schuylkill County
- Snyder County
- Somerset County
- Sullivan County
- Susquehanna County
- Tioga County
- Union County
- Venango County
- Warren County
- Washington County
- Wayne County
- Westmoreland County
- Wyoming County
- York County
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