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Washington

State-to-state migration of people and income, 20222023 filing years

At a glance (2023)

Cost of living
108
8% above the U.S. average
Median home value
$519,800
national $303,400
Home prices, 5 years
+50.9%
over the 5 years to 2023
Monthly rent
$1,682
national $1,348
Homeownership
64%
national 65%
Unemployment
4.2%
national 3.6%
Household income
$94,952
national $78,538
Median age
38.2 yrs
national 38.7

The cost of living runs about 8% above the national average. The median home is valued at $519,800 (nominal). Home prices have risen about 51% over the five years to 2023. Median rent is about $1,682 a month. Unemployment averaged 4.2% in 2023 (national 3.6%). Median household income is $94,952. These figures describe all residents, not just tax filers, come from separate sources than the migration data on this page, and do not indicate why anyone moved.

Between the 2022 and 2023 filing years, Washington saw a net gain of 8,282 tax-filing households and a net loss of 2,328 individuals. Against a population of about 7,812,880, that is a net outflow of about 0.3 per 1,000 residents. On net, the area lost $549.4M in associated adjusted gross income (AGI, nominal dollars). The largest inflow, about 24,625 households, came from California; the largest outflow, about 17,871 households, went to California. In the prior (2022) filing year, the area saw a net loss of 17,867 individuals. These figures cover federal income tax filers only and do not indicate why people moved.

Net income (AGI)
-$549.4M
nominal dollars
Net households
+8,282
tax returns
Net people
-2,328
exemptions

-0.3 net people per 1,000 residents (population 7,812,880)

Income (AGI) in and out

Moved in$11.3B
Moved out$11.9B
Net -$549.4M (nominal)
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Washington counties

Net migration by county. Hover for figures; click a county to open it.

Net outNet in(AGI $)
Hover an area to trace its top 5 inbound (in) and outbound (out) moves.
Net income (AGI) that moved in minus out, in nominal dollars (not adjusted for inflation).Net tax returns (filing households) that moved in minus out.Net people per 1,000 residents, so larger and smaller areas compare fairly.
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Top origin states

  1. 1California24,625$2.7B
  2. 2Oregon15,339$1.4B
  3. 3Texas9,307$859.8M
  4. 4Arizona5,803$514.4M
  5. 5Florida5,333$433.5M
  6. 6Idaho5,146$316.6M
  7. 7Colorado3,935$340.9M
  8. 8New York3,649$394.4M
  9. 9Illinois2,734$281.1M
  10. 10Virginia2,660$255.5M
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Top destination states

  1. 1California17,871$2.1B
  2. 2Oregon12,212$888.9M
  3. 3Texas9,863$1.2B
  4. 4Arizona8,011$899.2M
  5. 5Idaho6,151$524.6M
  6. 6Florida5,661$745.4M
  7. 7New York3,513$418.9M
  8. 8Colorado3,480$335.1M
  9. 9Nevada2,580$300.3M
  10. 10Virginia2,575$256.2M
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Churn by state · both directions at once

The biggest two-way exchanges of filing households, 20222023. Moved in and moved out are gross one-way counts; net is the difference. Click a column to sort.

California24,62517,871+6,754+$668.6M
Oregon15,33912,212+3,127+$487.5M
Texas9,3079,863-556-$317.9M
Arizona5,8038,011-2,208-$384.8M
Idaho5,1466,151-1,005-$208M
Florida5,3335,661-328-$311.9M
Colorado3,9353,480+455+$5.9M
New York3,6493,513+136-$24.5M
Virginia2,6602,575+85-$709K
Nevada2,6092,580+29-$115.3M
Illinois2,7342,158+576+$73.7M
North Carolina2,3712,464-93-$57.4M

Counts are filing households (IRS returns), matching the lists above; income is nominal AGI. A dash means the IRS published only one direction of that exchange (small flows are suppressed), so no net is computed.

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Net migration by year

Net 2012–2023: +$11.1B (+232,859 people)
20122023
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Net AGI and net people by year (nominal dollars)
YearNet AGINet people
2012+$561.7M+11,504
2013+$1.3B+18,196
2014+$976.3M+27,071
2015+$1.1B+28,619
2016+$2.2B+53,336
2017+$2.8B+58,381
2018+$1.7B+30,054
2019+$1.1B+29,903
2020+$1.3B+9,426
2021+$200.1M-13,436
2022-$1.6B-17,867
2023-$549.4M-2,328
Migration in context

How big is this move, relative to the state?

In the 20222023 filing year, about 2,328 more people left Washington than moved in (counting tax filers and their dependents) — a net loss of about $549.4M in income (nominal) — in a state of 7,838,655 people.

Population
7,838,655
Census 2023 estimate
Net migration rate
-0.3
net people per 1,000 residents
A town of 10,000 would net about -3 people.
Net income per resident
−$70
nominal dollars
-$549.4M total across 7,838,655 residents.

The rate lets you compare Washington with a stateof any size: it’s the net flow divided by population. The IRS counts tax filers; population counts all residents, so read the rate as a scale indicator, not a literal share of people.

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Components of population change · 2023 (Census)

Where the state’s overall change came from. Census counts all residents; the IRS migration above is one slice of the domestic-migration component.

Births
+82,165
Deaths
-67,733
Net domestic migration
-17,511
Net international migration
+55,706
Total change
+51,827

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Population Estimates Program. Figures are people, not tax filers.

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Income & cost of living

What a dollar is worth here

Prices around Washington run about 8% above the national average. In plain terms: $100 spent here buys about what $92 buys in the average American community. The figures below apply that to income, each compared to the U.S. average of $70,002 per person.

Income per person
$81,087
what people here earn (BEA 2023, nominal)
16% above the U.S. average
Price level
108.4
100 = U.S. average prices (BEA price parity)
everyday costs about 8.4% higher than average
What that income buys
$74,824
local income restated at U.S.-average prices
7% above the U.S. average
Cheaper than U.S. avgU.S. average (100)Pricier

Price parity shown at the state level (BEA does not publish a single figure below the metro level).

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Where the cost comes from · price parity by category

Index where 100 = U.S. average for that category. Housing is usually what separates one place from another.

Housing & rents125.5
Goods106.9
Utilities84.0
Other services105.6

Housing is measured from rents (including an estimated rental value for owner-occupied homes), so a run-up in purchase prices shows here only as it reaches rents. Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. Covers all residents, a separate universe from the IRS filer income above. How the data works.

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Who lives here

The people of Washington

American Community Survey, 2019–2023 (a 5-year average of all residents, not just tax filers).

Median age
38.2
years
Median household income
$94,952
per household (ACS 2019–2023, nominal)
21% above the U.S. median
College degree
39%
adults 25+ with a bachelor's or higher
Poverty rate
9.9%
residents below the poverty line
Average commute
27 min
mean travel time to work
Broadband at home
93%
households with any broadband
Race and ethnicity (share of residents)
White 64%Hispanic 14%Black 4%Asian 9%Other 9%

White, Black, and Asian counts are people who are not Hispanic or Latino; Hispanic or Latino can be of any race. Shares are rounded and may not total 100.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 5-year estimates. Covers all residents, a separate universe from the IRS filer data. A 5-year estimate is an average over 2019–2023; compare years at least five apart, since consecutive windows overlap. How the data works.

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Housing · what it costs to live here (ACS 2019–2023)

Median home value
$519,800
owner-occupied homes
71% above the U.S. median
Median rent
$1,682
gross rent per month
25% above the U.S. median
Homeownership
64%
of occupied homes are owner-occupied
Home-price appreciation · FHFA index, 2023
Past year
+1.2%
price change, 2022 to 2023
Past 5 years
+51%
price change, 2018 to 2023

A repeat-sales index (how much the same homes changed in price), so it tracks the market over time rather than the current level. Source: Federal Housing Finance Agency, annual all-transactions HPI; the county series is FHFA’s developmental index.

New home construction · building permits, 2023
37,097new housing units authorized in 2023
Single-family 49%Multifamily 51%

Units authorized by residential building permits (new supply), summed from counties for the state and U.S. Permits are authorizations, not completions. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permits Survey.

Home value is what owners estimate their homes are worth, not recent sale prices. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 5-year estimates (2019–2023), nominal dollars. How the data works.

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Local economy & risk

Jobs and natural hazards

Unemployment rate
4.2%
BLS 2023 annual average
Labor force
4,027,320
3,857,883 employed
Disaster declarations
1
major federal, 2023
most common: Severe Storm

Sources: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (LAUS) and FEMA. A disaster declaration marks federal assistance eligibility, not damage severity, and says nothing about why anyone moved. How the data works.

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Unemployment now
4.8%
May 2026 · ▲ 0.5 points vs May 2025
January 2024May 2026

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (LAUS). Monthly unemployment for this state, not seasonally adjusted. Updated every month, so it moves faster than the annual average above. How the data works.

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Who’s moving by income

Net migration by income bracket

Tax-filing households that moved into Washington minus those that left, by the adjusted gross income they reported, 20222023. Positive means more arrived than left at that income level.

$1–$10k
0
In 8,595Out 8,595+$527K AGI
$10k–$25k
+1,381
In 19,166Out 17,785+$28.1M AGI
$25k–$50k
+3,400
In 31,192Out 27,792+$124.5M AGI
$50k–$75k
+2,647
In 19,906Out 17,259+$165.4M AGI
$75k–$100k
+1,937
In 13,232Out 11,295+$170.1M AGI
$100k–$200k
+1,257
In 21,612Out 20,355+$139.2M AGI
$200k+
-2,057
In 10,461Out 12,518-$1.2B AGI

Among the highest earners ($200k+), Washington ranks #44 of 51 states for net household migration (-2,057).

Source: IRS Statistics of Income, state-level gross migration file (returns with negative AGI are excluded, so this won’t exactly match the totals above). Income is what filers reported, not a reason anyone moved. Compare all states by income bracket. How the data works.

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Goods trade

What Washington ships and receives

Physical goods shipped between Washington and other states, 2022. This is freight, not the migration of people or income shown above.

$183.3B
Ships to other states
+14% since 2017
$224.0B
Receives from states
+46% since 2017
-$40.6B
Net balance

Top goods shipped out

Electronic and other electrical equipment and components, and office equipment
$44.7B
Mixed freight
$38.9B
Transportation equipment, not elsewhere classified
$36.3B
Textiles, leather, and articles of textiles or leather
$27.9B
Pharmaceutical products
$27.5B
Miscellaneous manufactured products
$22.7B

Top goods received

Mixed freight
$53.2B
Electronic and other electrical equipment and components, and office equipment
$45.0B
Pharmaceutical products
$27.0B
Miscellaneous manufactured products
$20.7B
Transportation equipment, not elsewhere classified
$20.4B
Textiles, leather, and articles of textiles or leather
$17.6B

Biggest trading partners (both ways)

Goods trade runs in both directions: states swap different goods, so a partner is often near the top of both columns. Net is ships minus receives (positive means Washington ships more to that partner than it gets back).

PartnerShips toReceivesNetTotal
Oregon$39.6B$64.7B-$25.1B$104.3B
California$26.2B$39.5B-$13.3B$65.8B
Texas$8.4B$11.1B-$2.7B$19.5B
Tennessee$12.1B$2.6B+$9.5B$14.7B
Idaho$8.7B$4.7B+$3.9B$13.4B
Minnesota$2.7B$8.9B-$6.3B$11.6B
Illinois$5.1B$6.1B-$937M$11.2B
Florida$7.3B$3.9B+$3.5B$11.2B

Goods shipped every five years by the Census Commodity Flow Survey (a sample, so figures are estimates and the smallest flows are withheld). Value is nominal. The totals and partner table above count trade between Washington and other states; the goods lists count everything the state ships or receives, including within-state shipments. Compare all states. How the data works.

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Taxes the state collects

What Washington collects in taxes

Total state taxes
$38B
FY 2023, nominal
Per resident
$4,851
total state taxes ÷ population
Largest categories (share of total)
General sales & gross receipts$22.8B · 60%
Property taxes$4.5B · 12%
Motor fuels sales tax$1.6B · 4%
Documentary & stock transfer$1.4B · 4%
Other selective sales tax$1.2B · 3%

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Annual Survey of State Government Tax Collections. This is what the state government collected (not local taxes), not a measure of any individual’s tax burden. How the data works.

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How Washington has voted. Certified returns, popular vote only. This is a separate dataset from the migration figures on this page.

President, 19762024

YearDemocraticRepublicanOtherMarginTotal
20242,245,8491,530,923147,471D +18.23,924,243
20202,369,6121,584,651133,368D +19.24,087,631
20161,742,7181,221,747244,749D +16.23,209,214
20121,755,3961,290,67079,450D +14.93,125,516
20081,750,8481,229,21656,814D +17.23,036,878
20041,510,2011,304,89443,989D +7.22,859,084
20001,247,6521,108,864131,925D +5.62,488,441
19961,123,323840,712289,802D +12.52,253,837
1992993,037731,234563,294D +11.42,287,565
1988933,516903,83527,902D +1.61,865,253
1984798,3521,051,67024,888R +13.51,874,910
1980650,193865,244226,957R +12.31,742,394
1976717,323777,73260,479R +3.91,555,534

U.S. Senate races · all states →

YearWinnerDemocraticRepublicanOtherMargin
2024Maria Cantwell2,252,5771,549,18710,627D +18.5
2022Patty Murray1,741,8271,299,3226,751D +14.5
2018Maria Cantwell1,803,3641,282,804D +16.9
2016Patty Murray1,913,9791,329,338D +18.0
2012Maria Cantwell1,855,4931,213,924D +20.9
2010Patty Murray1,314,9301,196,164D +4.7
2006Maria Cantwell1,184,659832,10666,969D +16.9
2004Patty Murray1,549,7081,204,58464,359D +12.2
2000Maria Cantwell1,199,4371,197,20864,734D +0.1

U.S. House seats won · district maps →

2024
D 8 · R 2
2022
D 8 · R 2
2020
D 7 · R 3
2018
D 7 · R 3
2016
D 6 · R 4
2014
D 6 · R 4
2012
D 6 · R 4
2010
D 5 · R 4
2008
D 6 · R 3
2006
D 6 · R 3
2004
D 6 · R 3
2002
D 6 · R 3
2000
D 6 · R 3

2024 results by county

Republican wonDemocratic wonIndependent / other
Which party received the most votes, as a solid color.Winning margin as a share of all votes cast.Change in margin since 2020, in percentage points.Total votes cast, all candidates.
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Source: MIT Election Data and Science Lab county returns (CC0). Margins are the popular-vote gap as a share of all votes cast.

Counties in Washington (39)

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