Hawaii
State-to-state migration of people and income, 2022–2023 filing years
At a glance (2023)
The cost of living runs about 10% above the national average. The median home is valued at $808,200 (nominal). Home prices have risen about 41% over the five years to 2023. Median rent is about $1,938 a month. Unemployment averaged 2.9% in 2023 (national 3.6%). Median household income is $98,317. These figures describe all residents, not just tax filers, come from separate sources than the migration data on this page, and do not indicate why anyone moved.
Between the 2022 and 2023 filing years, Hawaii saw a net loss of 2,546 tax-filing households and a net loss of 6,432 individuals. Against a population of about 1,435,138, that is a net outflow of about 4.5 per 1,000 residents. On net, the area gained $11M in associated adjusted gross income (AGI, nominal dollars). The largest inflow, about 5,598 households, came from California; the largest outflow, about 5,048 households, went to California. In the prior (2022) filing year, the area saw a net loss of 8,236 individuals. These figures cover federal income tax filers only and do not indicate why people moved.
-4.5 net people per 1,000 residents (population 1,435,138)
Income (AGI) in and out
Hawaii counties
Net migration by county. Hover for figures; click a county to open it.
Top origin states
- 1California5,598$547M
- 2Texas1,891$127.7M
- 3Washington1,761$179.7M
- 4Florida1,409$93.2M
- 5Virginia1,026$83.6M
- 6Colorado915$66.3M
- 7Nevada873$55.3M
- 8New York841$66.3M
- 9Arizona825$68.6M
- 10Oregon782$53.8M
Top destination states
- 1California5,048$407.6M
- 2Washington2,451$183.1M
- 3Texas2,381$160.3M
- 4Nevada1,863$125.6M
- 5Florida1,553$120.6M
- 6Virginia1,169$98.1M
- 7Colorado1,159$79.8M
- 8Oregon999$62.6M
- 9Arizona921$63.8M
- 10North Carolina809$54.1M
Churn by state · both directions at once
The biggest two-way exchanges of filing households, 2022–2023. Moved in and moved out are gross one-way counts; net is the difference. Click a column to sort.
| California | 5,598 | 5,048 | +550 | +$139.4M |
| Texas | 1,891 | 2,381 | -490 | -$32.6M |
| Washington | 1,761 | 2,451 | -690 | -$3.5M |
| Florida | 1,409 | 1,553 | -144 | -$27.4M |
| Nevada | 873 | 1,863 | -990 | -$70.2M |
| Virginia | 1,026 | 1,169 | -143 | -$14.5M |
| Colorado | 915 | 1,159 | -244 | -$13.5M |
| Oregon | 782 | 999 | -217 | -$8.8M |
| Arizona | 825 | 921 | -96 | +$4.8M |
| New York | 841 | 699 | +142 | +$16.6M |
| North Carolina | 674 | 809 | -135 | -$10.6M |
| Georgia | 677 | 711 | -34 | -$5.2M |
Counts are filing households (IRS returns), matching the lists above; income is nominal AGI. A dash means the IRS published only one direction of that exchange (small flows are suppressed), so no net is computed.
Net migration by year
| Year | Net AGI | Net people |
|---|---|---|
| 2012 | +$151.4M | -1,088 |
| 2013 | +$284.3M | -2,224 |
| 2014 | +$91.1M | -4,004 |
| 2015 | +$194.5M | +1,377 |
| 2016 | +$153.1M | -9,017 |
| 2017 | -$271.5M | -20,447 |
| 2018 | -$34.4M | -9,126 |
| 2019 | -$179.7M | -9,005 |
| 2020 | +$81.3M | -8,805 |
| 2021 | +$112.8M | -10,710 |
| 2022 | +$364M | -8,236 |
| 2023 | +$11M | -6,432 |
How big is this move, relative to the state?
In the 2022–2023 filing year, about 6,432 more people left Hawaii than moved in (counting tax filers and their dependents) — a net gain of about $11M in income (nominal) — in a state of 1,434,950 people.
The rate lets you compare Hawaii with a stateof any size: it’s the net flow divided by population. The IRS counts tax filers; population counts all residents, so read the rate as a scale indicator, not a literal share of people.
Components of population change · 2023 (Census)
Where the state’s overall change came from. Census counts all residents; the IRS migration above is one slice of the domestic-migration component.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Population Estimates Program. Figures are people, not tax filers.
What a dollar is worth here
Prices around Hawaii run about 10% above the national average. In plain terms: $100 spent here buys about what $91 buys in the average American community. The figures below apply that to income, each compared to the U.S. average of $70,002 per person.
Price parity shown at the state level (BEA does not publish a single figure below the metro level).
Where the cost comes from · price parity by category
Index where 100 = U.S. average for that category. Housing is usually what separates one place from another.
Housing is measured from rents (including an estimated rental value for owner-occupied homes), so a run-up in purchase prices shows here only as it reaches rents. Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. Covers all residents, a separate universe from the IRS filer income above. How the data works.
The people of Hawaii
American Community Survey, 2019–2023 (a 5-year average of all residents, not just tax filers).
White, Black, and Asian counts are people who are not Hispanic or Latino; Hispanic or Latino can be of any race. Shares are rounded and may not total 100.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 5-year estimates. Covers all residents, a separate universe from the IRS filer data. A 5-year estimate is an average over 2019–2023; compare years at least five apart, since consecutive windows overlap. How the data works.
Housing · what it costs to live here (ACS 2019–2023)
A repeat-sales index (how much the same homes changed in price), so it tracks the market over time rather than the current level. Source: Federal Housing Finance Agency, annual all-transactions HPI; the county series is FHFA’s developmental index.
Units authorized by residential building permits (new supply), summed from counties for the state and U.S. Permits are authorizations, not completions. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permits Survey.
Home value is what owners estimate their homes are worth, not recent sale prices. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 5-year estimates (2019–2023), nominal dollars. How the data works.
Jobs and natural hazards
Sources: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (LAUS) and FEMA. A disaster declaration marks federal assistance eligibility, not damage severity, and says nothing about why anyone moved. How the data works.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (LAUS). Monthly unemployment for this state, not seasonally adjusted. Updated every month, so it moves faster than the annual average above. How the data works.
Net migration by income bracket
Tax-filing households that moved into Hawaii minus those that left, by the adjusted gross income they reported, 2022–2023. Positive means more arrived than left at that income level.
Among the highest earners ($200k+), Hawaii ranks #21 of 51 states for net household migration (+153).
Source: IRS Statistics of Income, state-level gross migration file (returns with negative AGI are excluded, so this won’t exactly match the totals above). Income is what filers reported, not a reason anyone moved. Compare all states by income bracket. How the data works.
What Hawaii ships and receives
Physical goods shipped between Hawaii and other states, 2022. This is freight, not the migration of people or income shown above.
Top goods shipped out
Top goods received
Biggest trading partners (both ways)
Goods trade runs in both directions: states swap different goods, so a partner is often near the top of both columns. Net is ships minus receives (positive means Hawaii ships more to that partner than it gets back).
| Partner | Ships to | Receives | Net | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| California | $841M | $4.0B | -$3.1B | $4.8B |
| Washington | $114M | $1.7B | -$1.6B | $1.8B |
| Texas | $178M | $552M | -$374M | $730M |
| New York | $77M | $524M | -$447M | $601M |
| Tennessee | $15M | $452M | -$437M | $467M |
| Florida | $182M | $260M | -$78M | $442M |
| Oregon | $33M | $329M | -$296M | $362M |
| Ohio | $30M | $320M | -$290M | $350M |
Goods shipped every five years by the Census Commodity Flow Survey (a sample, so figures are estimates and the smallest flows are withheld). Value is nominal. The totals and partner table above count trade between Hawaii and other states; the goods lists count everything the state ships or receives, including within-state shipments. Compare all states. How the data works.
What Hawaii collects in taxes
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Annual Survey of State Government Tax Collections. This is what the state government collected (not local taxes), not a measure of any individual’s tax burden. How the data works.
Elections
National maps →How Hawaii has voted. Certified returns, popular vote only. This is a separate dataset from the migration figures on this page.
President, 1976–2024
| Year | Democratic | Republican | Other | Margin | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 | 313,044 | 193,661 | 9,996 | D +23.1 | 516,701 |
| 2020 | 366,127 | 196,855 | 11,475 | D +29.5 | 574,457 |
| 2016 | 266,891 | 128,847 | 33,199 | D +32.2 | 428,937 |
| 2012 | 306,266 | 120,937 | 7,018 | D +42.7 | 434,221 |
| 2008 | 325,201 | 120,429 | 7,112 | D +45.2 | 452,742 |
| 2004 | 231,335 | 194,116 | 3,104 | D +8.7 | 428,555 |
| 2000 | 205,242 | 137,819 | 24,810 | D +18.3 | 367,871 |
| 1996 | 205,012 | 113,943 | 41,165 | D +25.3 | 360,120 |
| 1992 | 179,310 | 136,822 | 56,710 | D +11.4 | 372,842 |
| 1988 | 192,364 | 158,625 | 3,472 | D +9.5 | 354,461 |
| 1984 | 147,154 | 185,050 | 3,642 | R +11.3 | 335,846 |
| 1980 | 135,879 | 130,112 | 37,296 | D +1.9 | 303,287 |
| 1976 | 147,375 | 140,003 | 3,923 | D +2.5 | 291,301 |
U.S. Senate races · all states →
| Year | Winner | Democratic | Republican | Other | Margin |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 | Mazie K. Hirono | 324,194 | 160,075 | 17,494 | D +32.7 |
| 2022 | Schatz, Brian | 290,894 | 106,358 | 11,896 | D +45.1 |
| 2018 | Mazie K. Hirono | 276,316 | 112,035 | — | D +42.3 |
| 2016 | Brian Schatz | 306,604 | 92,653 | 38,407 | D +48.9 |
| 2014special | Brian Schatz | 246,827 | 98,006 | 24,870 | D +40.3 |
| 2012 | Mazie K. Hirono | 269,489 | 160,994 | 6,676 | D +24.8 |
| 2010 | Daniel K. Inouye | 277,228 | 79,939 | 13,416 | D +53.2 |
| 2006 | Daniel K. Akaka | 210,330 | 126,097 | 6,415 | D +24.6 |
| 2004 | Daniel K. Inouye | 313,629 | 87,172 | 14,546 | D +54.5 |
| 2000 | Daniel K. Akaka | 251,215 | 84,701 | 9,707 | D +48.2 |
U.S. House seats won · district maps →
2024 results by county
Source: MIT Election Data and Science Lab county returns (CC0). Margins are the popular-vote gap as a share of all votes cast.
Counties in Hawaii (5)
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